Circuit paradigm in the 21

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Highly variable species distribution models in a subarctic stream metacommunity : Patterns, mechanisms and implications

Special Issue: Metacommunities in river networks: The importance of network structure and connectivity on patterns and processes1. Metacommunity theory focuses on assembly patterns in ecological communities, originally exemplified through four different, yet non-exclusive, perspectives: patch dynamics, species sorting, source-sink dynamics, and neutral theory. More recently, three exclusive components have been proposed to describe a different metacommunity framework: habitat heterogeneity, species equivalence, and dispersal. Here, we aim at evaluating the insect metacommunity of a subarctic stream network under these two different frameworks. 2. We first modelled the presence/absence of 47 stream insects in northernmost Finland, using binomial generalised linear models (GLMs). The deviance explained by pure local environmental (E), spatial (S), and climatic variables (C) was then analysed across species using beta regression. In this comparative analysis, site occupancy, as well as taxonomic and biological trait vectors obtained from principal coordinate analysis, were used as predictor variables. 3. Single-species distributions were better explained by in-stream environmental and spatial factors than by climatic forcing, but in a highly variable fashion. This variability was difficult to relate to the taxonomic relatedness among species or their biological trait similarity. Site occupancy, however, was related to model performance of the binomial GLMs based on spatial effects: as populations are likely to be better connected for common species due to their near ubiquity, spatial factors may also explain better their distributions. 4. According to the classical four-perspective framework, the observation of both environmental and spatial effects suggests a role for either mass effects or species sorting constrained by dispersal limitation, or both. Taxonomic and biological traits, including the different dispersal capability of species, were scarcely important, which undermines the patch dynamics perspective, based on differences in dispersal ability between species. The highly variable performance of models makes the reliance on an entirely neutral framework unrealistic as well. According to the three-component framework, our results suggest that the stream insect metacommunity is shaped by the effect of habitat heterogeneity (supporting both species-sorting and mass effects), rather than species equivalence or dispersal limitation. 5. While the relative importance of the source-sink dynamics perspective or the species-sorting paradigm cannot be deciphered with the data at our disposal, we can conclude that habitat heterogeneity is an important driver shaping species distributions and insect assemblages in subarctic stream metacommunities. These results exemplify that the use of the three-component metacommunity framework may be more useful than the classical four perspective paradigm in analysing metacommunities. Our findings also provide support for conservation strategies based on the preservation of heterogeneous habitats in a metacommunity context.Peer reviewe

A molecular-based identification resource for the arthropods of Finland

Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Authors. Molecular Ecology Resources published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.To associate specimens identified by molecular characters to other biological knowledge, we need reference sequences annotated by Linnaean taxonomy. In this study, we (1) report the creation of a comprehensive reference library of DNA barcodes for the arthropods of an entire country (Finland), (2) publish this library, and (3) deliver a new identification tool for insects and spiders, as based on this resource. The reference library contains mtDNA COI barcodes for 11,275 (43%) of 26,437 arthropod species known from Finland, including 10,811 (45%) of 23,956 insect species. To quantify the improvement in identification accuracy enabled by the current reference library, we ran 1000 Finnish insect and spider species through the Barcode of Life Data system (BOLD) identification engine. Of these, 91% were correctly assigned to a unique species when compared to the new reference library alone, 85% were correctly identified when compared to BOLD with the new material included, and 75% with the new material excluded. To capitalize on this resource, we used the new reference material to train a probabilistic taxonomic assignment tool, FinPROTAX, scoring high success. For the full-length barcode region, the accuracy of taxonomic assignments at the level of classes, orders, families, subfamilies, tribes, genera, and species reached 99.9%, 99.9%, 99.8%, 99.7%, 99.4%, 96.8%, and 88.5%, respectively. The FinBOL arthropod reference library and FinPROTAX are available through the Finnish Biodiversity Information Facility (www.laji.fi) at https://laji.fi/en/theme/protax. Overall, the FinBOL investment represents a massive capacity-transfer from the taxonomic community of Finland to all sectors of society.Peer reviewe

Deformoituneen taidekeramiikkalaatan konservointi : Rut Bryk: Piritta

Opinnäytetyön aiheena on keramiikkataiteilija Rut Brykin taidekeramiikkalaatta Pirittan konservointi. Teos on vuodelta 1955 ja se kuuluu Designmuseon kokoelmiin. Pirittan materiaali on fajanssia, ja se on lasitettu etupuolelta paksuilla ja värikkäillä kerroksilla. Piritta oli esillä Arabian museossa kesään 2012 asti, jolloin se putosi seinältä pahasti vaurioituen ja on siitä lähtien odottanut konservointia. Teos halkesi kolmeen osaan, ja sen pinnasta irtosi 12 lasitetta ja keramiikkamassaa sisältävää suurempaa palaa ja noin 100 pienempää sirpaletta. Rut Bryk on Suomen keramiikkataiteen keskeisiä hahmoja. Hän teki Arabian taideosastolla viisi vuosikymmentä kestäneen uran, jonka aikana hän siirtyi figuratiivisista modernin maalaustaiteen tyylisuuntien inspiroimista töistä abstraktin geometrisen ilmaisun pariin. Piritta edustaa Brykin 1950-luvun tuotannolle tyypillistä figuratiivista työtä, jonka tyylissä on sävyjä kubismista, naivismista ja kolorismista. Opinnäytetyössä käsitellään myös huokoisen keramiikan konservoinnin problematiikkaa niin materiaalin määritelmien kuin käytännön esimerkkien kautta. Pirittan rakenne oli vaurioitunut jo keramiikan valmistukseen kuuluvassa polttovaiheessa, jolloin massaan jääneet hiili- ja rikkiyhdisteiden palokaasut aiheuttivat teoksen pinnan pullistumisen useasta kohtaa ja massan halkeamisen noin puolen sentin syvyydestä lasitteen alta. Rakenne jäi jännitykseen, joka pääsi purkautumaan putoamisen yhteydessä aiheuttaen pintaan pahoja deformaatioita. Konservointisuunnitelman lähtökohtana on teoksen rakenteellisen kunnon vahvistaminen lisävaurioiden ehkäisemiseksi. Uniikin taidekeramiikkaesineen yhtenäinen ulkonäkö on yhtä lailla tärkeä, joten käsittelyyn kuuluu puutoskohtien täydentäminen ja retusointi. Konservointitoimenpiteet sisälsivät pullistumien vaurioittaman rakenteen vahvistamisen, irronneiden palojen liimaamisen paikoilleen, rakenneosien yhdistämisen, puutoskohtien täydentämisen ja retusoinnin. Konservointikäsittelyn jälkeen teoksen rakenne on huomattavasti kestävämpi ja sen ulkonäkö yhtenäistyi olennaisesti.The subject of this thesis is the conservation of Finnish ceramic artist Rut Bryk’s art ceramic tile Piritta. The piece is from 1955 and is part of the Design Museum’s collection. Piritta’s material is faience and it has thick and colourful glazing on its front side. Piritta was exhibited at the Arabia museum until summer 2012 when it fell down from a wall and has subsequently been awaiting conservation treatment. The artwork cracked into three parts, and 12 larger pieces containing both glaze and ceramic body along with roughly 100 smaller shards came off the surface. Rut Bryk is one of the key figures in Finnish art ceramics. Her career at the art department of Arabia lasted five decades, during which she moved from figurative works of art inspired by modern painting styles to abstract geometric expression. Piritta represents a figurative piece typical to Bryk’s 1950’s body of work, whose style has shades of Cubism, Primitivism and Colourist painting. The thesis also discusses problems in the conservation of porous ceramics through definitions of the material and practical examples. Piritta’s structure had already been damaged during the firing that is part of ceramic production. Combustion gases of carbon and sulphur compounds remaining in the ceramic body caused bloating in several parts of the surface, while the body cracked at roughly half a centimeter below the glaze. Tensions remained in the structure, which released and caused severe deformations to the surface when the piece fell. The starting point for the conservation plan is strengthening the artwork’s structural condition to prevent further damage. A uniform appearance of a unique art ceramic object is also of importance. Therefore the treatment includes filling missing areas and retouching. The conservation treatment included strengthening the areas damaged by bloating, joining broken pieces and structural parts, filling missing areas and retouching. The artwork’s structure is significantly more sound and its appearance substantially more uniform after the conservation treatment

Appendix_Teno_2012_env&coord

Environmental and spatial coordinate data for 55 stream sites in the River Tenojoki basin

Appendix_Teno_2012_spe

Site-by-species dataset for the insects found in the 55 stream sites in the River Tenojoki Basin